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来源: BlogBus 原始链接: http://www.blogbus.com:80/blogbus/blog/index.php?blogid=27217 存档链接: https://web.archive.org/web/20050123014119id_/http://www.blogbus.com:80/blogbus/blog/index.php?blogid=27217

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By Jason Schneider November 2004 12 essential facts, formulas, and photographic rules What happens when your systems go belly-up, when all of that cutting-edg e technology dies and you must rely on (gasp!) your own knowledge? It pa ys to have these basics in your head. They can get you out of a jam and help you get good shots when nothing else will. 1¡¢Ñô¹â16·¨Ôò¡£¼´ÔÚÅÄÉã´¦ÓÚÃ÷ÃľùÔȵÄÑô¹âϵÄÖ÷Ìåʱ£¬¿ìÃŶ¨Îª¸Ğ¹â¶Èµ¹Êı£¬ ¹âȦΪF16ΪÒË¡£ÒÔ´ËΪ»ù×¼£¬¿ÉÒÔ¹ÀËã³ö£¬ÔÚº£Ì²ÓÃF22¹âȦ£¬ÓĞÔƵÄÇçÌìÓÃF11µÈ ¡£

1. Sunny 16 rule£º The basic exposure for an average scene taken on a br ight, sunny day is f/16 at a shutter speed equivalent to one over the IS O setting¡ªthat is, f/16 at 1/100 sec at ISO 100. From this you can inte rpolate, and try f/22 at the beach, f/11 on a cloudy-bright day, etc. 2¡¢Ô¹â11£¬8£¬ºÍ5.6·¨Ôò¡£ÉãÓ°ÔÂÁÁµÄÆعâ×éºÏÓжàÖÖ¡£µ«×îΪÈËÀÖÓÚʹÓõÄÊÇ1 1¡¢8ºÍ5.6×éºÏ¡£µ±¿ìÃÅËÙ¶ÈΪ¸Ğ¹â¶Èµ¹Êıʱ£¬ÂúÔÂÓÃF11¹âȦ£¬°ëÔºÍ3£¯4Ô·ֱğ ÓÃF8ºÍF5.6.
2. Moony 11, 8, and 5.6 rules£º There are many different rules that work well when shooting the moon. One favorite for a proper exposure of a fu ll moon is f/11 at one over the ISO setting. For pictures of a half moon , use the same shutter speed at f/8, and for a quarter moon, use the sam e shutter speed at f/5.6. 3¡¢Ïà»ú¶¶¶¯·¨Ôò¡£°²È«µÄ¿ìÃÅËÙ¶ÈÊǽ¹¾àµÄµ¹Êı¡£ÈçʹÓÃ50ºÁÃ׵ľµÍ·Ê±£¬Èç¹ûÊÖ ³ÖÅÄÉ㣬ËÙ¶ÈÖÁÉÙÒªÔÚ1£¯60ÒÔÉÏΪÒË£¨µ±È»£¬·À¶¶Í·²»Ë㣩¡£Èç¹ûµÍÓÚ´ËËٶȣ¬Çë ʹÓÃÉÁ¹âµÆ£¬½Å¼Ü£¬»òΪÏà»úÕÒÆäËûÖ§³ÖÎï¡£
3. Camera shake rule£º The slowest shutter speed at which you can safely handhold a camera is one over the focal length of the lens in use. As s hutter speeds get slower, camera shake is likely to result in an increas ing loss of sharpness. So, if you're using a 50mm lens, shoot at 1/60 se c or faster. Not enough light? Use a flash, tripod, or brace your camera against a solid £ï£â£ê£å£ã£ô. 4¡¢18£¥»Ò²â¹â¡£ÓÃ18£¥ÖлҰå²â¹â»á´øÀ´×îºÃµÄЧ¹û¡£Èç¹ûûÓлҰ壬¿ÉÒÔ½«ÊÖÕÆ Ì¯¿ªÃæÏòÑô¹â£¬¶ÔÊÖÕƲâ¹â¶ÁÊı£¬È»ºó¼ÓÒ»µµÆعâÅÄÉã¡££¨²»Í¬µÄ·ôÉ«¶Ô½á¹ûµÄ²î ±ğ¼¸ºõÁ¬Ò»µµ¶¼´ï²»µ½¡££©
4. Anatomical gray card Metering off an 18-percent neutral gray card is a good way to get a midtone reading that will give you a good overall ex posure of a scene. Forgot your gray card? Hold your open hand up so it's facing the light, take a reading off your palm, open up one stop, and s hoot. (Various skin tones rarely account for even a full-stop difference .) 5¡¢¾°Éî·¨Ôò¡£¶Ô½¹µãÈ¡ÔÚÕû¸ö¾°ÉîµÄÇ°Èı·Ö֮һλÖÿÉÒԵõ½×î´óµÄ¾°Éî¡£ÒòΪ½¹ µãºóµÄ¾°ÉîÊǽ¹µãÇ°µÄ¶ş±¶¡£
5. Depth of field rules£º When focusing on a deep subject, focus on a po int about a third of the way into the picture to maximize depth of field , because the depth-of-field zone behind that point is about twice as de ep as the depth-of-field zone in front of it. This works for all apertur es and focal lengths, but the smaller the aperture and the shorter the f ocal length, and the greater the distance you shoot at, the greater the depth of field. 6¡¢ÊıÂë³åÓ¡³ß´ç·¨Ôò¡£ÊıÂëÕÕƬ×î¼ÑµÄÀ©Ó¡³ß´çÓ¦¸Ã²»³¬¹ı³¤Óë¿íµÄÏñËØÊıÖ®ºÍ³ı ÒÔ200¡£Èç¹ûĞèÒªÓ°Õ¹ËØÖʵÄÕÕƬ£¬Çë³ıÒÔ250¡£
6. Largest digital print rule£º To calculate in inches the largest photo -quality print you can make with a digital camera, divide the vertical a nd horizontal pixel counts (see your manual) by 200. For critical applic ations, or if you want exhibition-quality prints, divide the pixel count s by 250. 7¡¢ÆعⷨÔò¡£¾­µäµÄ½¨ÒéÊÇ£º±£Ö¤¸ß¹âÇøÆعâ׼ȷ£¬µÍ¹âÇøËæËûÈ¥¡£ÕâÒ»½¨ÒéÊÊÓà ÓÚ·´×ªºÍÊıÂëÏà»ú¡£¶ø¶Ô¸ºÆ¬£¬ÌرğÊDzÊÉ«¸ºÆ¬£¬×îºÃÔöÆØÒ»µµ¡£
7. Exposure rules£º The classic advice is, "Expose for the highlights, a nd let the shadows take care of themselves." This works with slide film and digital. But with negative film, especially color negative, you're b etter off overexposing by one stop.8¡¢¿ìËÙÉÁ¹âÊä³ö·¨Ôò¡£ÔÚʹÓÃûÓĞ×Ô¶¯Êä ³ö¿ØÖƵÄÉÁ¹âµÆʱ£¬½«ÉÁ¹âµÆµÄ¸Ğ¹â¶ÈÉèΪ½º¾íµÄ¶ş±¶£¬¶ÔÖ÷Ìå²â¹â£¬»úÉíÑ¡¹âȦ Õûµµ£¬ÉÁ¹âµÆÉèͬÑù¹âȦ¡£ÕâÖÖÉèÖÃÏ£¬ÕÕƬµÄÒõÓ°Çø»á±ÈÖ÷ÌåµÄÁÁ¶ÈµÍÒ»µµ¡£
8. Quick flash-fill rule£º When using an automatic flash unit that doesn 't provide auto flash-fill ratios, set the flash's ISO dial to twice the ISO you're using. Meter the scene, select an f-stop, set the autoflash aperture to the same f-stop, and shoot. The resulting 2:1 flash-fill rat io will produce filled shadows one stop darker than the main subject. 9¡¢ÉÁ¹â¾àÀë·¨Ôò¡£¾àÀë³Ë2£¬¸Ğ¹â¶È³Ë4¡£±ÈÈ磬ÄãµÄÉÁ¹âµÆÔڸйâ¶È100ʱµÄÓĞЧ ¾àÀëΪ20Ó¢³ß¡£Èç¹ûÄãĞèÒªÉÁ¹â¾àÀë´ïµ½40Ó¢³ß£¬ÔòĞèҪʹÓøйâ¶È400µÄ½º¾í¡£
9. Flash range rule£º Want to know how much extra flash range you get by going to a faster ISO? The rule is, "Double the distance, four times th e speed." For example: If your flash is good to 20 feet at ISO 100 (film or digital), it will be good to 40 feet at ISO 400. 10¡¢ÏñËØ·­·¬·¨Ôò¡£ÒªÊ¹ÊıÂëÏà»ú·Ö±æÂÊÔö±¶£¬ÏñËØÊıÒª·­Á½·¬¡£
10. Megapixel multiplier rule£º To double the resolution in a digital ca mera, you must increase the number of megapixels by a factor of four¡ªno t two. Why? The number of pixels in both the vertical and horizontal dim ensions must be doubled to double the pixel density across the image sen sor. 11¡¢¶¯Ì¬²¶×½·¨Ôò£ºÕâÊÇÒ»¸ö½Ç¶ÈÓëËٶȵľ­Ñ鹫ʽ¡£Èç¹ûÎïÌåÑؾµÍ·µÄÖáÏßÔ˶¯ ÄãÄܹ»ÓÃ(1/125)µÄ¿ìÃŲ¶×¥ÏÂÀ´£¬ÄÇôËü´¹Ö±ÓÚ¾µÍ·ÖáÏßµÄÔ˶¯£¨´ÓÈ¡¾°¿òµÄÒ»±ß µ½ÁíÍâÒ»±ßµÄÔ˶¯£©ÄÜÓñÈ(1/125)¸ß2µµµÄ¿ìÃÅ(1/500)²¶×¥ÏÂÀ´£¬Èç¹ûÎïÌåÑؾµÍ· ÖáÏß³É45¶ÈÔ˶¯µÄ»°£¬Ö»ĞèÒªÌá¸ßÒ»µµ¿ìÃÅ(1/250)¾ÍÄܲ¶×¥ÏÂÀ´¡££¨´ËÌõΪGDSGH J·­Ò룬ÌØ´ËÃùĞ»¡££©
11. Action-stopping rules£º To stop action moving across the frame that' s perpendicular to the lens axis, you need shutter speeds two stops fast er than action moving toward or away from you. For action moving at a 45 -degree angle to the lens axis, you can use a shutter speed one stop slo wer. For example: If a person running toward you at moderate speed can b e stopped at 1/125 sec, you'll need a shutter speed of 1/500 sec to stop the subject moving across the frame, and a shutter speed of 1/250 sec t o stop him if moving obliquely with respect to the camera. 12¡¢ÈÕÂä²â¹â·¨Ôò¡£ÅÄÉãÂäÈÕʱ£¬Òª¶ÔÂäÈÕÉϲ¿²â¹â£¬µ«È¡¾°Æ÷Öв»ÒªÈ¡µ½Ì«Ñô¡£ Èç¹ûÏëÈÃÕÕƬÉϵÄÈÕÂä¿´ÉÏÈ¥±Èʵ¼ÊÍíһСʱ£¬¿ÉÔÚÆعⲹ³¥Öмõ1¡£
12. Sunset rule£º To get a properly exposed sunset, meter the area direc tly above the sun (without including the sun). If you want the scene to look like it's a half-hour later, stop down by one f-stop, or set exposu re compensation to minus one. ÃÀ¹ú¡¶´óÖÚÉãÓ°¡·ÔÓÖ¾ÎÄ£¬VictorinoxÒë¡£-----ת×Ô°×ÔÆ tinakingva ·¢±íÓÚ 2004-11-30 20:34 ÔĶÁÈ«ÎÄ | ÆÀÂÛ(0) | ÒıÓÃTrackback(0) | ±à¼­ ÎŞÌâ -[Í¿Ñ»] ÔçÉÏÒ»Æğ´²£¬¾ÍÌıÂèÂè˵±í¸ç´ÓĞÂÎ÷À¼»ØÀ´ÁË£¬»¹ĞÅÁË·ğ½Ì,˵µÈһϾÍÈ¥¹éԪ˳ÔËزˡ£ ÔÎÔκöºö¼ä£¬ÒѾ­±»ÀÏÂè´øµ½¹éÔªËÂÃÅ¿Ú¡£¿´µ½Á½Äê²»¼ûµÄ±í¸ç£¬ÊİÁ˲»ÉÙ£¬´ó¸ÅÊÇÒ»Ö±³ÔËز˵ÄÔ­Òò°É£¬¼ûµ½ÎÒÃÇ£¬¿ª¿Ú±Õ¿Ú¶¼ÊÇ·ğ¾­¡£ µÚÒ»´Î³ÔËزˣ¬µ¹ÊǺÜĞÂÏÊ¡£ËäÈ»¼ÒÀïºÍ¹éÔªËÂÏà¸ô²»µ½¼¸Õ¾Â·£¬¿ÉÈ¥µÄ²»¶à£¬»¹ÊǺÍÄÌÄÌÈ¥ÄÇÀïÂò½ğÓãÖ®ÀàµÄ£¬³ÔËØ»¹´ÓÀ´Ã»Óйı¡£ ÄÇĞ©Ëز˻ù±¾É϶¼ÊÇÓô󶹵°°×£¬×ö³É¸÷ÖÖ¸÷ÑùµÄÎÒÃÇƽ³£¾Í¿ÉÒÔ³Ô¶øÇÒÊìÖªµÄÄÇĞ©²Ë¡£²»ÖªµÀÈçºÎĞÎÈİÄÇЩζµÀ£¬×ÜÖ®ÎÒ³Ô²»¹ß£¬¶øÇÒ¶ñĞÄ¡£ ±í¸ç˵Ҫȥ¹éÔªËÂÀïתת£¬ÓÚÊÇÎÒ¸úÔÚËûÅÔ±ßÌıËûÄîÄî·ğ¾­¡£Ëû˵»°Ê±µÄÓïµ÷ºÜƽ£¬ËƺõÒѾ­Ã»ÓĞÈκÎÔÓÄ¿ÉÊǸоõÈ´ºÜÆæ¹Ö¡£ ¸úËûÁÄÆğĞľ­£¬Ëû¾ªÑÈÎÒÒ²ÖªµÀÄÇôһµãµã£¬¼Ì¶øÎÊÎÒ¿´µÄ¶®¿´²»¶®¡£ÔÚÎÒ˵¶®ÄÇôһµãµãÖ®ºó£¬Ëû˵¿´À´ÄãÒ²ºÍ·ğÓеãÔµ£¬ÓÚÊÇËÍÁËÎÒÒ»±¾¡¶½ğ¸Õ¾­¡·£¬¿´À´´«µÀÕßÎŞ´¦²»ÔÚ¡£ ×ß½øÂŞººÌã¬ÂèÂè˵Êıһϰɣ¬ÓÚÊÇËıÊıÁËËÄÊ®°Ë¸ö¡£È»ºóÎÒºÜĞ˷ܵĽÓ×ÅÂèÂèµÄÄǸöÂŞººÊı£¬Êıµ½ÁË·¨µÇ×ğÕß¡£ÂèÂè˵Õâ¸öÃæÏ಻ºÃ¡£¿´×ÅËûÕøÄüµÄ±íÇ飬ÎÒÏëÒ²²»»áºÜºÃ¡£Ë­ÈÃÎÒÿ´ÎÒ»µ½ÕâÖÖʱºò¶¼Ã»ÓĞʲôºÃÃüÄØ£¿ÔÚÏã¸ÛÇóÁËÒ»¸öÏÂÏÂÇ©£¬»¹º¦ÎÒÔÚÄÇôÌ̵ĵØÉϹòÁË°ëÌì¡£ ²»Öª´ÓºÎʱÆğ£¬Éí±ßµÄÈ˶¼ÓĞÁË×Ô¼ºµÄĞÅÑö£¬²»¹ÜÊÇ·ğ½Ì»¹ÊÇ»ù¶½½Ì£¬ÓеãĞÅÑö×ÜÊǺõġ£Ö»ÊÇÔÚÕâĞ©³äÂúÓûÍûµÄ³ÇÊĞ£¬ÎÒÃǵÄĞÅÑö¿ÉÒÔά³Ö¶à¾Ã£¿ ¶Ç×ÓÓÖÌÛ£¡´Ó×òÌìÒ¹Àïµ½½ñÌ졣ȫÉíÎŞÁ¦£¬²»Ïë¿´Ê飬²»ÏëĞ´×Ö£¬Ö»ÊǶÔ×ŵçÄÔ£¬Ò»ÕûÌìÓÖ±»ÀË·ÑÁË¡£ ÎÒÖªµÀÂíÉϾÍÒª¿¼ÑĞÁË£¬ÎÒÖªµÀÀ뿼ÑĞÖ»²î²»µ½Á½¸öÔÂÁË£¬ÎÒÖªµÀÎÒÔÙ²»Å¬Á¦¾Í¿Ï¶¨¿¼²»ÉÏÁË£¬ÎÒÖªµÀÈç¹ûÎÒ¿¼²»ÉÏ£¬¼ÒÀïµÄÄÇĞ©Ç×ÆİÓÖÒª³¤Ğê¶Ì̾ÁË£¬ÎÒÖªµÀ¿´¼ûËûÃÇÄÇÑùÎÒÓÖ»áºÜ·³²»Ïë¼ûµ½ËûÃÇ£¬ÎÒÖªµÀÈç¹ûÄÇÑùÂèÂè¾Í»áºÜ·³ÎÒÁË¡£ ÎÒÖªµÀ£¬ÕâÒ»ÇоÍÊÇÒ»ÌõËøÁ´£¬²»¹ÜÊÇÎÒÓĞÒ⻹ÊDz»Ğ¡ĞÄÅöµ½ÉÏÃæµÄÈκÎÒ»¸ö»·½Ú£¬ºûµûËƵÄЧӦ¾Í»áÔÚÃ÷ÃĵĴº½ÚÏòÎÒÏ®À´¡£¸ÃÃæ¶ÔµÄÖÕ¾¿»¹ÊÇÒªÃæ¶Ô£¬²»¹ÜÎÒÊǶàôµÄÀíÏ뻯£¬²»¹ÜÎÒ¸ø×Ô¼ºÕÒÁ˶àÉÙ¸ö½è¿ÚÈÃ×Ô¼ºÌöø»ÊÖ®µÄ¶Ô×Ô¼º²»¸ºÔğÈΣ¬ÈÎƾ×Ô¼ºµÄĞÄÌøÔ½À´Ô½¿ì¡£ ¶Ç×Ó¿ÉÒÔ²»ÌÛÂğ£¿ÎÒÇóÇóÄãÁË¡£ tinakingva ·¢±íÓÚ 2004-11-29 11:07 ÔĶÁÈ«ÎÄ | ÆÀÂÛ(0) | ÒıÓÃTrackback(0) | ±à¼­ ·ÉÀ´ºá»ö -[Í¿Ñ»] ʱ¼ä£º2004Äê11ÔÂ24ÈÕÍí8µã×óÓÒ µØµã£ºÑ§Ğ£Î÷ÃÅÍâ´ó½Ö ÈËÎСºıÍ¿Ïɽã½ã¼°ÆäÇàÍܸç¸ç ÄÌÄÌ&ME ʼş£ºÒ»¿ÅĞ¡Ğ¡µÄɳ×Ó±»·çÍíÉÏÍ»ÆğµÄ·ç¹Îµ½ÎÒµÄÑÛ¾¦Àï ¹ı³Ì£ºÎÒµÄÑÛ¾¦±»ÕÛÌÚÁËÒ»¸öÍíÉÏ£¬µãÁËNµÎÑÛÒ©Ë®£¬ÏûÑ׵ģ¬Ã÷Ä¿µÄ£¬¿ÉÊÇÄÇÁ£ÍçÇ¿µÄɳ×Ó¾ÍÊDz»³öÀ´ ½á¹û£º½ñÌìÔçÉÏÆğ´²£¬·¢ÏÖ²»½öÑÛ¾¦Ö׵ò»ÄܼûÈË£¬°ë±ßÁ³Ò²Ö×ÁË »¹±»ÄÌÄ̽С°ÌÒ×ÓÑÛ¾¦¡± 5555555555555555555 tinakingva ·¢±íÓÚ 2004-11-25 14:17 ÔĶÁÈ«ÎÄ | ÆÀÂÛ(0) | ÒıÓÃTrackback(0) | ±à¼­ ·ÖÒ³: [1] [2] [3] Ä£°åÉè¼Æ£º Danger