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都市村庄 建筑师的个人空间----------------- 主页地址：http://urban.blogbus.com <<<中国的军力现状（二） | Main | 中国的军力现状（四）>>> 中国的军力现状（三） 时间: 2004-10-18 中国的军力现状（三） Frank W Moore Naval Vessels 海军舰艇 Submarines: China embarked on a large submarine building program in the 1960s, which tapered-off in the late 1980s, which included many diesel-electric patrol submarines and some nuclear powered submarines. Many of the diesel-electric submarines from that construction period are now in reserve. Recently, construction and acquisition of new submarines has begun to intensify. In the near future, China's submarine fleet is expected to be smaller, but more modern. 潜艇：中国自六十年代起着手开始了一项包括许多柴电动力潜艇和一些核潜艇在内的庞大潜艇建造计划，该计划在八十年代末逐渐停止下来。许多在那个时期建造的柴电动力潜艇现在已经转为预备役。最近一段时间，新型潜艇的建造和采购开始密集起来。在不久的将来，中国的潜艇舰队将会变的规模更小，但更加现代化。 For most of its history, the People Army Liberation Navy (PLAN) submarine fleet has consisted of small coastal patrol submarines and domestically produced versions of the Soviet 'Romeo' class sub. Initially lacking any real ASW capability, the Chinese 'Romeo' class (Type 033) is now outclassed by nearly every ASW system deployed by China's neighbors. In all, 73 Romeos were built for use by China between 1962 and 1987.12 Of these about 38 remain in active duty, although they may only go out to sea a few days per year. Another 30 are in varying conditions of reserve status. One Romeo was modified to carry six YJ-1 (C-801) anti-ship missiles, but it must surface to fire them. 在其历史上的大多数时候，中国人民解放军海军的潜艇舰队由小型的海岸巡逻潜艇以及国产型号的苏联“罗密欧”级潜艇组成。本来就缺乏反潜战能力的“罗密欧”级（０３３型）现在已经被中国的邻国所部署的任何一种反潜系统所超越。从１９６２年到１９８７年１２月总共为中国海军建造了７３艘罗密欧级潜艇，其中有大约３８艘目前仍然保持现役状态，尽管它们每年仅仅出海几天时间。另外有３０艘状况不同的潜艇处于预备役状态。有一艘罗密欧级潜艇被改装为携带六枚“鹰击一号”（Ｃ－８０１）反舰导弹，但必须浮到水面发射。 In the 1970s, China embarked on a program to domestically produce submarines of its own design. The first of these was the 'Ming' class (Type 035), produced from 1971 to 1979, with production resuming again in 1987. The Mings are not much better in capability than their Romeo predecessors, although they are of newer construction. Submarines of the Song (Type 039) follow-on class are slighter larger than the Ming and incorporate streamlined hull for better submerged performance. The first Song was commissioned in 1999, and two more are now under construction. Later models may incorporate design features from the Kilos. The Song class may be fitted with a version of the C-801 or C-802 anti-ship missile that is capable of submerged launch. In addition, China has purchased 4 Kilo class submarines from Russia. Additional purchases of Kilos or the newer 'Amur' class from Russia may depend on the progress of the Song class. 在七十年代，中国开始了国产设计潜艇的大批量建造计划。其中第一种是“明”级（０３５型），生产于１９７１年到１９７９年之间，并于１９８７年再次恢复生产。尽管明级的结构更新，但在作战能力方面明级并不比其前辈好很多。随后的宋级（０３９型）比明略大，采用流线型外壳以获得更好的减噪性能。第一艘宋级于１９９９年交付使用，另有两艘正在建造之中，后期型号可能会借鉴采用基洛级潜艇的某些设计。宋级潜艇可能装备了具备水下发射能力型号的Ｃ－８０１或Ｃ－８０２反舰导弹。此外，中国还从俄罗斯购买了四艘基洛级潜艇。更多的基洛级或者更新型的“阿穆尔”级潜艇的采购计划取决于宋级工程的进展情况。 Like China's effort with the Xia SSBN, China's first attempt to domestically produce a nuclear-powered attack submarine produced disappointing results. The 'Han' class (Type 091) first entered service in 1974. Again, power plant problems plagued the class, and the next ship in the class was not commissioned until 1980. The fifth and final ship did not enter service until 1990. Despite their problems, which may have been fixed, and the long delays in construction, China seems committed to deploying the five subs built. The follow-on Type 093 class is expected to build on the experience from the Han class and on assistance from Russian submarine builders. The class will be similar in capability to the Russian Victor III, first deployed in 1978. The first Type 093 is scheduled to enter service in 2004. 正如夏级导弹核潜艇一样，中国对自行建造攻击型核动力潜艇的尝试结果是令人失望的。“汉”级（０９１型）于１９７４年开始服役。同样地，这级潜艇也饱受核反应堆的问题的折磨，该级的下一艘潜艇直到１９８０年才开始服役。第五艘和最后一艘一直到１９９０年才服役。尽这些潜艇问题重重（有可能已经被解决），以及建造中的长期延迟，中国似乎还是部署了建成潜艇中的５艘。预计后续０９３型的建造将会基于汉级的建造经验以及俄罗斯潜艇技术人员的帮助。该级潜艇的性能将会与俄罗斯于１９７８年首次部署的维克多ＩＩＩ型核潜艇相似。第一艘０９３型按计划将在２００４年开始服役。 Surface Warships: Since the 1972, the number of ships and overall tonnage of China surface combatants has increased at a steady rate. The increase is expected to continue for the next five years, but may decline after that if no new construction or acquisition programs are undertaken. (See Chart 4.)The most recent additions to the Chinese Navy are two Russian-built 'Sovremenny' class destroyers. These ships, the first of which was delivered in February 2000, are the largest and most powerful surface warships ever operated by the Chinese Navy. Their most formidable weapon is the SS-N-22 Sunburn supersonic sea-skimming ASM, of which eight are carried. The Sovremenny is also armed with the SA-N-7 'Gadfly', which will give China a limited naval air-defense capability. Up to now, China has possessed only short-ranged SAMs of French or domestic design. 水面战舰：自１９７２年以来，中国水面作战舰艇的数目和总吨位以稳定的速度上升。这种上升预计还将再持续五年的时间，但之后可能将下降，如果没有更新的舰艇建造和购买计划付诸实施。中国海军最新的扩军是两艘俄罗斯建造的“现代”级驱逐舰。这些军舰是中国海军曾经操纵过的最大、最有威力的军舰，其中第一艘于２０００年２月交付使用。这些军舰最令人敬畏的武器是其携带的８枚ＳＳ－Ｎ－２２“日炙”超音速掠海反舰导弹。现代级还装备有ＳＡ－Ｎ－７“牛虻”防空导弹，它们能够给予中国海军有限的海上防空能力。到目前为止，中国还只拥有短程的法制或国产型号防空导弹。 The newest Chinese-built destroyers are two 6,000 ton 'Luhai' class. The first ship of the class entered service in late 1999, and the second is expected to enter service in 2000. Two more are planned with commissioning dates in 2002 and 2003. 中国建造的最新型的驱逐舰是６０００吨的“旅海”级。该级的第一艘于１９９９年年底服役，第二艘预计于２０００年服役。另外２艘的计划服役日期是２００２年和２００３年。 China operates 18 other destroyers of two principle classes. The 4,200 ton 'Luhu' class was the basis for the 'Luhai' class.Two ships were built, with commissioning dates in 1994 and 1996, respectively, although they were originally ordered in 1985.(Construction was delayed to allow for completion of a frigate order from the Thai Navy.) The Luhus are armed with 8 C-802 ASMs, a domestically built Crotale SAM launcher, which France provided copies of in the 1980s, ASW torpedoes and mortars, and many guns. They are also capable of carrying 2 Harbin Zhi-9A helicopters, which are used for ASW and anti-ship missions. 中国还运行着另外两大级别的１８艘驱逐舰。４２００吨的“旅沪”级是“旅海”级原型，一共建造了２艘，尽管它们在１９８５年就被订购，但分别于１９９４年和１９９６年才服役（建造计划被推迟以便完成泰国海军的护卫舰订单）。旅沪级装备了八枚Ｃ－８０２反舰导弹；一个国产的“响尾蛇”防空导弹发射架，其原型是法国在八十年代提供的；反潜鱼雷和火箭发射器；以及许多火炮。它们还能够携带两架哈尔滨的直九直升机，用于执行反潜和反舰任务。 The largest class of destroyers is the 16 'Luda' I/II/III class (3,670-3,730 tons). These ships are armed with 6 C-201 ASMs, ASW torpedoes and mortars, and a heavy gun armament. The Luda II replaces the aft-most 130 mm and 37 mm gun turrets with a helicopter pad and hangar. The sole Luda III carries the C-801 instead of the less capable C-201. Two of the class have been fitted with a Crotale launcher. Others may be fitted in due course, but priority is being given to the construction of additional ships. 数量最大的一级驱逐舰是１６艘“旅大”Ｉ／ＩＩ／ＩＩＩ级（３６７９～３７３０吨）。这些军舰装备有６枚Ｃ－２０１反舰导弹；反潜鱼雷和火箭；以及重型的火炮。旅大ＩＩ级用直升机甲板和机库取代了尾部的１３０毫米炮塔和３７毫米炮塔。唯一的一艘旅大ＩＩＩ级用Ｃ－８０１导弹取代性能较差的Ｃ－２０１导弹。该级中的两艘改装了一座响尾蛇导弹发射架，其它军舰也应该会进行改装，但新舰的建造被放在了更优先的位置。 The remaining major surface combatants comprise 37 frigates. As is the case for the destroyers, the frigates are designed mainly for anti-surface warfare and lack any significant self-defense (AAW or ASW) capabilities. The newest and most capable frigates are the 6 'Jiangwei' class ships (2,250 tons). Their armament is similar to the 'Luhu' class, but with fewer guns and missiles. They are capable of carrying a single Dauphin helicopter. The first of these ships was laid down in 1990. Three more are now under construction, with 2 more planned. 其余的主要水面战舰包括３７艘护卫舰。和驱逐舰的情况一样，这些护卫舰也主要被设计用来进行反舰作战，并缺乏任何有意义的自我防卫（防空战和反潜战）能力。最新最有效的护卫舰是６艘“江卫”级军舰（２２５０吨）。它们的武器装备与旅沪级类似，但是火炮和导弹的数目较少。它们能够携带一架海豚直升机。这些军舰中的第一艘于１９９０年开工建造，另有三艘目前在建造之中，并计划再建造２艘。 There are 31 units of the one other type of frigate in service, the 1,702 ton 'Jianghu' class. The class has four sub-groups: the Jianghu I (27 in service) carry 4 C-201 ASMs, 2-4 100 mm guns, plus varying numbers of lighter caliber guns; the sole Jianghu II replaces aft armament with a helicopter hanger; and the 3 Jianghu III/IVs replace the C-201 with 8 C-801 or C-802 ASMs. 此外还有３１艘属于另外一种级别的护卫舰正在服役之中，即１７０２吨的“江湖”级。该级护卫舰分成四大种类：江湖Ｉ级（现役２７艘）携带４枚Ｃ－２０１反舰导弹，２门１００毫米炮，外加一些不同口径的轻型火炮；唯一的一艘江湖ＩＩ级用直升机库取代了尾部的武器装备；３艘江湖ＩＩＩ级和ＩＶ级用８枚Ｃ－８０１或Ｃ－８０２取代了Ｃ－２０１导弹。 Amphibious Assault Ships: China's amphibious assault capabilities are very limited. As of 1 January 2000, China has only 49 amphibious assault ships with full displacements of 1,000 tons or more (with three more ships under construction). Of these, 42 are under 2,000 tons, and none is larger than 4,800 tons. Many are quite old, including 3 ex-US Navy LSTs built between 1942 and 1945. 两栖战舰：中国的两栖作战能力非常有限。截止２０００年１月１日，中国仅有４９艘满载排水量１０００吨以上的两栖战舰（另外还有三艘在建造之中），其中４２艘的排水量在２０００吨以下，而且没有一艘超过４８００吨。许多军舰已经非常陈旧，包括３艘于１９４２年到１９４５年期间建造的前美国海军登陆舰。 This small fleet size excludes any possibility of China attempting to seize control of Taiwan by means of an amphibious assault. Moreover, there is no sign that China is building or planning to build the larger troop and cargo ships which would be necessary for a large-scale attack. Similarly, China's small force of marines (about 5,000) indicates that an expansion of amphibious assault capabilities is not expected. 这支舰队的规模之小使得中国任何通过两栖登陆夺取台湾的企图变为不可能。此外，没有迹象表明中国正在或计划建造大规模两栖攻击所需的更大型的部队与物资运输舰船。同样地，中国的小型海军陆战队（大约５０００人）表明两栖登陆作战能力的增强是不太可能的。 Overall, the Navy is gaining the most from recent increases in Chinese military spending. Potentially the most ambitious naval program is the possible purchase or construction of aircraft carriers. If and when China acquires an aircraft carrier for active deployment, it will probably be a conventional take-off and landing (CTOL) type, since China does not have access to vertical and short take-off and landing (V/STOL) aircraft, such as the British Sea Harrier. The smallest CTOL carrier currently in service is the Brazilian Minas Gerais, at 20,000 tons. However, China would probably want to use its new Su-27/J-11 and possibly J-10 fighters on any carrier, which would require a flight-deck longer than that on the Brazilian ships. Current estimates place the size of the needed ship at 45,000 to 50,000 tons, which would put it in the same category as the Russian Kuznetsov or the French Charles de Gaulle.14 Russian design assistance has been sought for the Chinese carrier program and China has studied the ex-Australian carrier Melbourne, which it was towed to China for scrap.15 China also purchased the ex-Soviet carrier Kiev in May 2000. China is expected to deploy a carrier capable of carrying 24 fighter planes plus helicopters in the support role. The ship is likely to be conventionally powered, since China has limited experience with nuclear power in submarines only. According to press reports, the first Chinese carrier could be in service by 2005, with a second in service by 2009. Additional carriers could follow every three years.(16) 总之，海军获得了中国近年来军费支出增加的大部分份额。潜在的最雄心勃勃的海军计划是购买或者建造航空母舰的可能性。由于中国不能获得类似于英国“海鹞”式之类的垂直起降战斗机，如果中国获得了一艘用于实际部署的航空母舰，那么它很可能将是一艘常规起降类型。目前世界上在役的最小的常规起降型航母是巴西海军的Ｍｉｎａｓ Ｇｅｒａｉｓ号，排水量２００００吨。但是，中国可能会希望在其航母上使用新型的苏－２７／歼十一型，可能还有歼十型战斗机，这就需要比巴西航母更长的飞行甲板。目前估计需要大约４５０００～５００００吨的水平，从而使其与俄罗斯的库兹聂佐夫级和法国的戴高乐级航母处于同一水准。中国的航母项目向俄罗斯寻求帮助，中国还研究了原属于澳大利亚并被拖往中国用于拆除的“墨尔本”号航空母舰。中国还于２０００年５月购买了前苏联“基辅”号航母。预计中国建造的航母将能够携带２４架战斗机，以及用于支援的直升机。由于中国仅仅在潜艇方面拥有有限的核动力技术经验，该舰可能会使用常规动力。根据新闻界的报道，中国的第一艘航母将在２００５年服役，第二艘将在２００９年服役，此后每三年会建造一艘新航母【１６】。 China also plans to strengthen its surface fleet through the purchase of additional destroyer from Russia: In addition to the two "off the shelf" Sovremennys already bought, China plans to acquire two more Sovremenny DDGs with modifications. The delivery dates are unknown.(17) 中国也计划通过从俄罗斯购买驱逐舰来加强其水面舰队。除了已经购买的两艘“现成”的现代级之外，中国计划增购另外两艘改进的现代级，其具体交货日期不详【１７】。 作者：Frank W Moore防务与裁军研究学院（Institute for Defense and Disarmament Studies）研究员 翻译：万维防务评论 摘自：万维防务评论 Posted by 无名 @ 2004-10-18 21:53 Trackback(0) 评论 Add Comment 最后更新 中国的军力现状（四） 中国的军力现状（三） 中国的军力现状（二） 中国的军力现状（一） 清东陵---简妮逍遥游 草图不可草 上海久百城市广场 安藤谈盖里 沸腾的天际线 朝鲜游记