Study to probe genetics of depression

来源: BlogBus 原始链接: http://www.blogbus.com:80/blogbus/blog/archive.php?id=4209 存档链接: https://web.archive.org/web/20041130013719id_/http://www.blogbus.com:80/blogbus/blog/archive.php?id=4209

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2004-05-12 21:34 ±«ÁÒÖÎ¹ú¼ÒÖÊÁ¿½±£º http://www.isixsigma.com/ca/baldridge/ http://www.c114.net/030402qyzf/3.asp?id=9 http://www.isixsigma.com/offsite.asp?A=Fr&Url=http://www.qualitydigest.com/april00/html/news.html The 1999 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award to four companies: STMicroelectronics Inc.--Region Americas, Carrollton, Texas ; BI, Minneapolis ; The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. L.L.C., Atlanta ; and Sunny Fresh Foods, Monticello, Minnesota 1988-2003 Award Recipients' Contacts and Profiles Award recipients have been very generous in their commitment to improving U.S. competitiveness and the U.S. pursuit of performance excellence. They have shared information with hundreds of thousands of companies, educational institutions, health care organizations, government agencies and others. Award recipients' efforts have encouraged many other organizations in all sectors of the U.S. economy to undertake their own performance improvement efforts. Links are provided to profiles of the activities and accomplishments for each Award recipient at the time that the Awards were presented. There is also contact information for those Award recipients who may be contacted for more information about their Baldrige Award application. The following Baldrige Award recipients may be contacted for more information about their Baldrige application. 2003 Manufacturing Service Medrad, Inc. contacts, profile, award application summary Boeing Aerospace Support contacts, profile, award application summary Service Small Business Caterpillar Financial Services Corporation -- U.S. contacts, profile, award application summary Stoner, Inc. contacts, profile, award application summary Education Health Care Community Consolidated School District 15 contacts, profile , award application summary Baptist Hospital, Inc. contacts, profile, award application summary Health Care Saint Luke's Hospital of Kansas City contacts, profile, award application summary 2002 Manufacturing Health Care Motorola Commercial, Government & Industrial Solutions Sector contacts , profile, award application summary SSM Health Care contacts , profile, award application summary Small Business Branch-Smith Printing Division contacts , profile, award application summary 2001 Manufacturing Education Clarke American Checks, Inc. contacts , profile, award application summary Pearl River School District contacts , profile, award application summary Small Business Education Pal's Sudden Service contacts , profile, award application summary University of Wisconsin-Stout contacts , profile, award application summary Education Chugach School District contacts , profile, award application summary 2000 Manufacturing Manufacturing Dana Corporation ¨C Spicer Driveshaft Division (now Torque Traction Technologies Incorporated) contacts, profile, award application summary KARLEE Company, Inc contacts, profile, award application summary Service Small Business Operations Management International, Inc. contacts, profile, award application summary Los Alamos National Bank contacts, profile, award application summary 1999 Manufacturing Service STMicroelectronics, Inc. - Region Americas contacts, profile , award application summary The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C. contacts, profile , award application summary Service Small Business BI contacts, profile , award application summary Sunny Fresh Foods contacts, profile , award application summary 1998 Manufacturing Small Business Boeing Airlift and Tanker Programs contacts, profile Texas Nameplate Company, Inc. contacts, profile Manufacturing Solar Turbines Incorporated contacts, profile 1997 Manufacturing Manufacturing 3M Dental Products Division contacts, profile Solectron Corporation contacts, profile Service Service Merrill Lynch Credit Corporation contacts, profile Xerox Business Services contacts, profile 1996 Manufacturing Service ADAC Laboratories contacts, profile Dana Commercial Credit Corporation contacts, profile Small Business Small Business Custom Research Inc. contacts, profile Trident Precision Manufacturing, Inc. contacts, profile 1995 Manufacturing Manufacturing Armstrong World Industries, Inc., Building Products Operations contacts, profile Corning Incorporated, Telecommunications Products Division contacts, profile 1994 Service Small Business AT&T Consumer Communications Services (Now the Consumer Markets Division of AT&T) contacts, profile Wainwright Industries, Inc. contacts, profile Service Verizon Information Services (formerly GTE Directories Corporation) contacts, profile 1993 Small Business Manufacturing Ames Rubber Corporation contacts, profile Eastman Chemical Company contacts, profile 1992 Manufacturing Service AT&T Network Systems Group Transmission Systems Business Unit (Now Lucent Technologies, Inc., Optical Networking Group) contacts, profile The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company (Now part of Marriott International) contacts, profile Service Manufacturing AT&T Universal Card Services (Now part of Citigroup) profile Texas Instruments Incorporated Defense Systems & Electronics Group (Now part of Raytheon Systems Company) contacts, profile Small Business Granite Rock Company contacts, profile 1991 Small Business Manufacturing Marlow Industries, Inc. contacts, profile Zytec Corporation (Now part of Artesyn Technologies) contacts, profile Manufacturing Solectron Corporation contacts, profile 1990 Manufacturing Manufacturing Cadillac Motor Car Company contacts, profile IBM Rochester contacts, profile Service Small Business Federal Express Corporation contacts, profile Wallace Co., Inc. profile 1989 Manufacturing Manufacturing Milliken & Company contacts, profile Xerox Corporation, Business Products & Systems contacts, profile 1988 Small Business Manufacturing Globe Metallurgical Inc. contacts, profile Westinghouse Electric Corporation Commercial Nuclear Fuel Division profile Manufacturing Motorola Inc. contacts, profile BNQP Website comments: nqp@nist.gov Date created: 7/25/2001 Last updated: 4/8/2004 Post by loseway01 @ 21:34 »ìÂÒ

2004-05-11 14:35 Õâ´ÎÎåÒ»»Ø¼Ò£¬¼ÒÀïÈËÔÙ´Î×¥×¡ÎÒÏêÌ¸¡°Á½¼þ´óÊÂÇé¡±£¬Ì¸µÃÎÒÄÔ´üÓÐµã»ìÂÒ¡£ÎÒ±È½Ï²»Ï²»¶ÔÚÄÔ´ü»¹²»ÇåÎúµÄÇé¿öÏÂ¾Í±»×¥×¡×óËµÓÒËµµÄ¡£ÓÚÊÇÖ»ÓÐÓôÃÆµØµÍ×ÅÍ·¡£¸ç¸çºÜºÃÈË£¬¸øÎÒÄÃÁËÒ»¶ÑµÄ×ÊÁÏ¡£¶øÎÒÒ²ÖªµÀ£¬Èç¹ûÕæÈÏ×¼ÁË£¬ÔÙ¶ñÐÄµÄÊÂÇéÒ²»á°Ñ×Ô¼º¶ñÐÄµ½µ×µÄ¡£×òÌìÍíÉÏÄ¸Ç×½Ú£¬ÖÕÓÚÀí³öÒ»µãË¼Â·£¬»¹Ù©µÃÍ·Í·ÊÇµÀ¡£ÎÞÂÛÈçºÎ»¹ÊÇÒª¼ÌÐø×¼±¸µÄ£¬ÕâÃ»Ê²Ã´ÕùÒé£¬Í¬Ñ§ÃÇ¶¼ÔÚ·é»ðÁ¬ÎåÔÂÁË¡£ºÃ¾ÃÖ®Ç°¾ÍÒÑ¾¿´µ½¡°µÈ·ç¾°¶¼¿´Í¸ÄãÊÇ·ñ»áÅãÎÒ¿´Ï¸Ë®³£Á÷¡±µÈÍ¬ÀàÍøÕ¾ÁË¡£Ë®À´Ê±£¬Ò²¾ÍÕâÒ»µãÊ±¼ä£¬ËÔÚ²»½âÇåÁ¹ÄØ¡££º£© »Ø¼ÒÐ´µÄÄÇ²¿·Ö·Ö¹¤ÎÄÕÂ£¬Á¬×Ô¼º¶¼¾õµÃ²»ÂúÒâ¡£µ«¾ÍÊÇÓôÃÆµÃ²»ÏþµÃÔõÃ´¸ÄÁË£¬×òÍí·Ü¶·µ½Ò»µã°ë£¬»¹ÊÇ²»ÔõÃ´ÂúÒâ¡£½ñÌìÆßµã¾ÍÐÑÁË£¬»¹Õæ¾õµÃÓÐµã¶Ô²»Æð¡£È¥Ð¡Ñ§×ÉÑ¯ºÍÉÏ¿Î£¬ÊµÑéÔ¤ÊÔ£¬¹¤ÒµcaseºÍinfor£¬Ïû·Ñ°¸Àý£¬ÕÒÁõË¼»ÝµÄ»¨±ßÐÂÎÅ¡£ Post by loseway01 @ 14:35 ËµÌýÎÄÑ§

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2004-04-26 20:01 Ïû·ÑÐÄÀíÐÂÒ»ÖÜÖ÷Ìâ×ÊÁÏ£º http://www.pcauto.com.cn/news/yjpl/medium/0401/35146.html http://www.pcauto.com.cn/news/yjpl/medium/0401/35146_1.html http://www.chinacars.com/autonews/content/t/200401/81124.asp http://www.chinacars.com/ http://auto.sina.com.cn/salon/PEUGEOT/PEUGEOT/307/car.shtml http://www.pcauto.com.cn/newcar/nation/dfbz/0402/45770.html Post by loseway01 @ 20:01 ¿¼¿ÚÓï

2004-04-25 23:57 ÖÕÓÚ¿¼ÍêÊÔÁË¡£¾ä×ÓÀïÓÐill-structure£¬¿ªÊ¼µÄÊ±ºò±È½Ï½ôÕÅ£¬ËäÈ»Æø·Õ²»´í¡£ S1£ºÃû×Ö£¬¹«Ô¢Çé¿ö£¬sports. ÎÊ¾õµÃÏÖÔÚ×¡µÄ¹«Ô¢ÔõÑù£¬ÎÒ°Ñ»°Ìâ³¶µ½ºÍÍ¬Ñ§¹ØÏµÉÏÁË¡£ÎÊÎÒÊÇ·ñÏ²»¶sport¡ª¡ªÎÒ´ð²»¸ÐÐËÈ¤¡£ÓÚÊÇÎÊÎÒÍ¬Ñ§ÊÇ·ñ¶Ôsport¸ÐÐËÈ¤¡ª¡ªÇ×°®µÄÍ¬Ñ§£¬¿ÉÄÜÄãÃÇÏ²»¶´òµÄÊÇÓðÃ«Çò£¬µ«°ÓÚµ±Ê±ÎÒÃ»ÏëÆðÀ´ÓðÃ«ÇòÓ¢ÎÄÔõÃ´Ëµ£¬ÓÚÊÇ´ðÄãÃÇ¶¼Ï²»¶ÍøÇò¡£ S2£º×îÏ²»¶µÄsubject¡£ÊÇÊ²Ã´£»ÔõÃ´½Ì£»ÎªÊ²Ã´Ï²»¶¡£ ÔõÃ´½ÌÕâ¸öÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬ÎÒÖ±½Ó±í´ïÁË¶Ô¹ýÈ¥ÖÐÑ§ÓïÎÄ½ÌÑ§Ö«½â¿ÎÎÄµÄ·½·¨±í´ïÁË²»ÈÏÍ¬µÄÏë·¨¡£ S3£ºÔõÃ´ÑùµÄÀÏÊ¦ÊÇ¸öºÃÀÏÊ¦£»ÔõÃ´ÑùµÄÀÏÊ¦ÊÇ¸ö»µÀÏÊ¦£»ÔõÃ´ÑùµÄÑ§ÉúÊÇ¸öºÃÑ§Éú¡£ ÔËÓÃÁËeducational psychology½ÌµÄÄÚÈÝ»Ø´ð£¬¸ÐÐ»ÖÜÀÏÊ¦¡£ÓÖÌáµ½ÁËÁõÓ¹¶ù×ÓÐ´µÄÊé¡¶work hard, play hard¡·À´»Ø´ðºÃÑ§Éú±ê×¼µÄÎÊÌâ¡£ Èç¹ûÎÒÄÜµ±ÀÏÊ¦£¬»áÊÇÔõÑùµÄ¸Ð¾õ¡£ ¾ÙÁËÉÏÐÇÆÚÈ¥Ð¡Ñ§µÄÊÂÇé×öÀý×Ó£¬ËùÒÔ»¹ÊÇÒª¸ÐÐ»ÖÜÀÏÊ¦¡£ »¹ÊÇÍ¦Ï²»¶ÄÇ¸ö¿¼¹ÙµÄ£¬ÈÃÈË²»»áÄÇÃ´nervous¡£Ï£Íû³É¼¨Ò²²»»áÈÃÈËÊ§Íû¡£ Post by loseway01 @ 23:57 ±¾ÖÜÏû·ÑÐÄÀíÖ÷Ìâ×ÊÁÏ£ºTCBYÓë¹þ¸ù´ïË¹

2004-04-25 21:30 http://www.emkt.com.cn/news/food/2002-06-20/5218.html http://business.sohu.com/58/27/article201102758.shtml http://www.uestudy.com/club/resource/social/haagen-dazs/haagendazs.html http://www.minefont.com/forum/dispbbs.asp?boardID=9&RootID=1365&ID=1365 http://dailynews.dayoo.com/content/2001-08/07/content_185125.htm http://news.sinohome.com/2001-08/13/161203.htm http://www.gjmy.com/list.asp?articleid=1436 Post by loseway01 @ 21:30 writing topic II

2004-04-24 23:09 ´ó×÷ÎÄtopic£ºThe high sales of the popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society which the goods are sold. Do you agree or disgree? Ð¡×÷ÎÄ±È½ÏÄÑ£¬Ì«¶àÎ¬¶ÈÁË£¬20·ÖÖÓ¸ù±¾Ð´²»Íê¡£ÔÄ¶Á¿¼ÁËÊ®¼¸Ìâtfng£¬¾ÓÈ»Ã»ÓÐ¿¼summary¡ª¡ªÉÏÒ»´ÎÒÑ¾Ã»ÓÐ¿¼ÁË£¬Î¨Ò»Ò»¸ö¿´ÁËÈÃÈËÐË·ÜµÄlhÌâ£¬µ«ÊÇÒòÎªÊ±¼ä½ôÆÈÓÐµãÂÒ£¬ËùÒÔÒ²¸ßÐË²»ÆðÀ´¡£ ¿´ÁËËûÃÇ½ñÌì£¬¶¼ÊÇ±È½Ï³£¹æµÄtopic¡ª¡ªËäÈ»ÊÇÎÒ×î²»Ïë´ðµÄtopic£¬Ï£ÍûÃ÷ÌìÄÃµ½µÄtopic²»»áÌ«ÄÑ¡£ Post by loseway01 @ 23:09 Study to probe genetics of depression

2004-04-23 16:27 Study to probe genetics of depression Finding genes linked to mental illness may yield new drugs. 08 April 2004 HELEN R. PILCHER 120 million people world-wide suffer from depression. © Corbis A massive project to probe the genetics of depression was launched this week at the Human Genome Meeting in Berlin, Germany. The multinational study aims to aid the development of the novel drugs against the condition. "Antidepressant drugs haven't changed much for the past 30 years," says the project¡¯s leader, Bill Deakin of the University of Manchester, UK. "We have to find new molecules that are involved in depression so that new treatments can be developed." Most drugs for depression boost levels of the brain chemical serotonin, which helps nerve cells to communicate effects mood. But this treatment can take weeks to take effect, and even then works only for around half of patients. The study, called NEWMOOD, should yield new drug targets, aid diagnosis and boost understanding of depression¡¯s causes, perhaps helping the 120 million people worldwide who suffer from the condition. Feeling better already The study will look for genes that affect depression in mouse and rat models and in humans. Rodents can become depressed when stressed over time, says Deakin, mimicking human symptoms. Depressed animals lose their sense of pleasure, showing no preference for sugary over plain water. They also give up more easily, stopping struggling quickly when suspended by their tails, for example. Researchers will build a microchip bearing 800 genes that may be related to depression, including those affecting metabolism, growth and cell communication. The chip will detect which genes are active in healthy and depressed animals and humans. "We've no idea what these molecules are going to be," says Deakin, "but we expect to find a whole cascade of genes." Researchers will test the effects of the depression-related genes they discover by altering their activity in genetically modified mice. The study could lead to better animal models of depression, aiding the testing of new therapies. Depression is thought to be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Chronic stress, such as long term illness or bereavement, may trigger depression in those genetically predisposed to the condition. Counselling and psychological therapies are commonly used alongside drug treatments. NEWMOOD has 7.3 million euros of funding from the European Union. It will take place in 13 laboratories in ten countries over the next five years. © Nature News Service / Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2004 • New nerves may fight depression 8 August 2003 • Gene length predicts depression risk 18 July 2003 • Lithium livens up stem cells 14 March 2003 • Anxious worms stick together 31 October 2002 • World Health Organization: Depression • Human Genome Meeting • Did dinosaurs lack daughters? 23 April 2004 • Internet dating analysed 23 April 2004 • GM bug activates cancer drug 22 April 2004 • Mouse created without father 22 April 2004 • Fertilising the sea could combat global warming 22 April 2004 • Cravings reduced in rehab rats 22 April 2004 • Height limit predicted for tallest trees 22 April 2004 Post by loseway01 @ 16:27 Girl chimps learn faster than boys

2004-04-23 16:16 Girl chimps learn faster than boys Daughters pick up their mother's skills, while sons play rough and tumble. 15 April 2004 MICHAEL HOPKIN Food for thought: clever chimps get the best snacks. © Alamy.com Young female chimpanzees are better students than males, at least when it comes to catching termites, according to a study of wild chimps in Tanzania's Gombe National Park. While daughters watch their mothers closely, the boys spend more time monkeying around. The discovery mirrors differences in the learning abilities of human children, says the research team behind the study. Girls tend to catch on faster than boys when learning skills such as writing and drawing, they say. These manual tasks are not dissimilar to the chimps' technique of using a stick to fish for termites, argues Elizabeth Lonsdorf, now at Lincoln Park Zoo in Chicago. Successfully extracting termites from their nest requires a dextrous turn of hand, she says. Lonsdorf's team watched eight young males and six young females who accompanied their mothers to termite nests. Female youngsters enjoyed more success than males in catching termites. They also started younger: females picked up the skill at around 30 months of age, whereas males were usually twice as old as that, the team reports in this week's Nature 1 . Thrills and spills The difference is down to greater attentiveness on the females' part, the authors say. Females spent more time watching their mothers and their technique resembled their mother's more closely, even in the depths to which they inserted the stick. "Whatever pattern a mother showed, her daughter matched it almost exactly," says Lonsdorf. Males were more easily distracted, choosing to spend their time swinging in trees, turning somersaults and wrestling with each other, says Lonsdorf. This failure to pay attention is reflected in their poor termite hauls, the researchers say. The males are not necessarily wasting their time, says Andrew Whiten, a chimpanzee expert at the University of St Andrews, UK. While termites are a valuable food for females, males often catch larger animals such as monkeys. Their rough-and-tumble play may be a way to hone their hunting skills, Whiten suggests. Females, who often have youngsters in tow, tend to stick to termites as a safer alternative to the thrill of the hunt, says Whiten. "[Hunting] is a very vigorous, dangerous activity in the treetops; it is difficult for females to do," he says. The young males' antics may also shape future social interactions, Whiten suggests. Playful wrestling bouts may be a way to form alliances or establish hierarchies. The fact that female chimps catch on quicker than males suggests that young girls' superiority over boys in the classroom may date back at least to the last common ancestor of chimps and humans, Lonsdorf and her colleagues argue. Watching mother to learn how to catch termites is not exactly the same thing as listening to a teacher to learn reading, writing and arithmetic, Lonsdorf concedes. But the study adds to evidence that sex differences in learning exist outside humans, she says. Her team's findings show that the stereotype of conscientious girls and unruly boys may extend far beyond the playground. References Lonsdorf, E. V., Eberly, L. E. & Pusey, A. E. . Nature , 428, 715

716 , doi:10.1038/428715a (2004). |Article| Post by loseway01 @ 16:16 ¿¼ÊÔ±¸×¢

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2004-04-16 17:10 Learning theory: Past performance and future results CARLO TOMASI Department of Computer Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA. e-mail: tomasi@cs.duke.edu Learning from experience is hard, and predicting how well what we have learned will serve us in the future is even harder. The most useful lessons turn out to be those that are insensitive to small changes in our experience. In or out: success rests on learning algorithms that are stable against slight changes in input conditions 1 . A hallmark of intelligent learning is that we can apply what we have learned to new situations. In the mathematical theory of learning, this ability is called generalization. On page 419 of this issue 1 , Poggio et al . formulate an elegant condition for a learning system to generalize well. As an illustration, consider practising how to hit a tennis ball. We see the trajectory of the incoming ball, and we react with complex motions of our bodies. Sometimes we hit the ball with the racket's sweet spot and send it where we want; sometimes we do less well. In the theory of supervised learning, an input¨Coutput pair exemplified by a trajectory and the corresponding reaction is called a training sample. A learning algorithm observes many training samples and computes a function that maps inputs to outputs. The learned function generalizes well if it does about as well on new inputs as on the old ones: if this is true, our performance during tennis practice is a reliable indication of how well we will play during the game. Given an appropriate measure for the 'cost' of a poor hit, the algorithm could choose the least expensive function over the set of training samples, an approach to learning called empirical risk minimization. A classical result 2 in learning theory shows that the functions learned through empirical risk minimization generalize well only if the 'hypothesis space' from which they are chosen is simple enough. That there may be trouble in a poor choice of hypotheses is a familiar concept in most scientific disciplines. For instance, a high-degree polynomial fitted to a set of data points can swing wildly between them, and these swings decrease our confidence in the ability of the polynomial to make correct predictions about function values between available data points. For similar reasons, we have come to trust Kepler's simple description of the elliptical motion of heavenly bodies more than the elaborate system of deferents, epicycles and equants of Ptolemy's Almagest , no matter how well the latter fit the observations. The classical definition of a 'simple enough' hypothesis space is brilliant but technically involved. For instance, the set of linear functions defined on the plane has a complexity (or Vapnik¨CChervonenkis dimension 2 ) of three because this is the greatest number of points that can be arranged on the plane so that suitable linear functions assume any desired combination of signs (positive or negative) when evaluated at the points. This definition is a mouthful already for this simple case. Although this approach has generated powerful learning algorithms 2 , the complexity of hypothesis spaces for many realistic scenarios quickly becomes too hard to measure with this yardstick. In addition, not all learning problems can be formulated through empirical risk minimization, so classical results might not apply. Poggio et al . 1 propose an elegant solution to these difficulties that builds on earlier intuitions 3-5 and shifts attention away from the hypothesis space. Instead, they require the learning algorithm to be stable if it is to produce functions that generalize well. In a nutshell, an algorithm is stable if the removal of any one training sample from any large set of samples results almost always in a small change in the learned function. Post facto , this makes intuitive sense: if removing one sample has little consequence (stability), then adding a new one should cause little surprise (generalization). For example, we expect that adding or removing an observation in Kepler's catalogue will usually not perturb his laws of planetary motion substantially. The simplicity and generality of the stability criterion promises practical utility. For example, neuronal synapses in the brain may have to adapt (learn) with little or no memory of past training samples. In these cases, empirical risk minimization does not help, because computing the empirical risk requires access to all past inputs and outputs. In contrast, stability is a natural criterion to use in this context, because it implies predictable behaviour. In addition, stability could conceivably lead to a so-called online algorithm ¡ª that is, one that improves its output as new data become available. Of course, stability is not the whole story, just as being able to predict our tennis performance does not mean that we will play well. If after practice we play as well as the best game contemplated in our hypothesis space, then our learning algorithm is said to be consistent. Poggio et al . 1 show that stability is equivalent to consistency for empirical risk minimization, whereas for other learning approaches stability only ensures good generalization. Even so, stability can become a practically important learning tool, as long as some key challenges are met. Specifically, Poggio et al . 1 define stability in asymptotic form, by requiring certain limits to vanish as the size of the training set becomes large. In addition, they require this to be the case for all possible probabilistic distributions of the training samples. True applicability to real situations will depend on how well these results can be rephrased for finite set sizes. In other words, can useful measures of stability and generalization be estimated from finite training samples? And is it feasible to develop statistical confidence tests for them? A new, exciting research direction has been opened. References 1 . Poggio, T., Rifkin, R., Mukherjee, S. & Niyogi, P. Nature 428 , 419¨C422 (2004). | Article | 2 . Vapnik, V. N. Statistical Learning Theory (Wiley, New York, 1998). 3 . Devroye, L. & Wagner, T. IEEE Trans. Information Theory 25 , 601¨C604 (1979). | ISI | 4 . Bousquet, O. & Elisseeff, A. J. Machine Learning Res. 2 , 499¨C526 (2002). | Article | 5 . Kutin, S. & Niyogi, P. in Proc. 18th Conf. Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, Edmonton, Canada , 275¨C282 (Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco, 2002). © 2004 Nature Publishing Group Privacy Policy Post by loseway01 @ 17:10 Neuroscience: The sweet smell of success

2004-04-16 16:59 Post by loseway01 @ 16:59 ¼ÇÒäÆ¿¾±ÏÞÖÆÁËÖÇÁ¦

2004-04-16 00:36 Memory bottleneck limits intelligence Single spot in brain determines size of visual scratch pad. 15 April 2004 TANGUY CHOUARD The number of things you can hold in your mind at once has been traced to one penny-sized part of the brain. The finding surprises researchers who assumed this aspect of our intelligence would be distributed over many parts of the brain. Instead, the area appears to form a bottleneck that might limit our cognitive abilities, researchers say. "This is a striking discovery," says John Duncan, an intelligence researcher at the Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit in Cambridge, UK. Most people can hold three or four things in their minds at once when given a quick glimpse of an image such as a collection of coloured dots, or lines in different orientations. If shown a similar image a second later, they will be able to recognise whether three or four of these spots and lines are identical to the first set or not. But some people can only catch one or two things in a glance, while others can capture up to five. This very short-term memory capacity is thought to be related to intelligence. In the same way that a computer with a larger working memory can crank through problems more quickly, people with a greater capacity for holding images in their heads are expected to have better reasoning and problem-solving skills. A person's working memory capacity can be determined using simple psychological tests. But now two teams of researchers report in Nature that they can see it in brain scans too. Keep it in mind One of the teams, led by Edward Vogel of the University of Oregon in Eugene, found that the electrical activity in a single section of the brain, as detected through electrodes attached to the scalp, is directly related to short-term working memory 1 . The team first tested subjects with an image of two coloured dots, waiting a second between flashes and asking the subjects if the image had changed. They then ramped up the test to four dots. A large increase in the subject's brain activity on the four-dot test indicated that his or her memory capacity had not been pushed to its limit. No increase in electrical activity indicated that his or her working memory had topped out on the two-dot test. By graphing these responses, the team worked out the exact size of each subject's working memory. A second team, led by Ren¨¦ Marois of Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, used functional magnetic resonance imaging during similar tasks to accurately locate the part of the brain being used for short-term visual memory 2 . Both teams concluded that everything depended on the same tiny spot in the posterior parietal cortex. "It is amazing that both groups should converge on the same area in the end," says Duncan. Since the task involves remembering many different aspects of each object, including spatial position, orientation and colour, most people thought that several parts of the brain would be involved, he says. There are still many other aspects to human intelligence that are governed by other parts of the brain, the authors of both studies warn. But the capacity of one's working memory may form a bottleneck for certain kinds of intelligence, they say. Tanguy Chouard is a senior biological sciences editor at Nature References Vogel, E. K. & Machizawa, M. G. . Nature , 428, 748

751 , doi:10.1038/nature02447 (2004). |Article| Todd, J. J. & Marois, R. . Nature , 428, 751

754 , doi:10.1038/nature02466 (2004). |Article| © Nature News Service / Macmillan Magazines Ltd 2004 Post by loseway01 @ 00:36 ´ðÖ®Ç°µÄÎÊÌâ

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2004-04-12 23:28 ½ñÌìÓÐ±»ÊÔ¸úÎÒËµ£¬ÔÚ×öÎÊ¾íÊ±ÊÇÓÐÒâµØÔÚ×öÒ»¸ö×Ô¼º³öÀ´¡ª¡ª¿ÉÄÜ³öÓÚÊÔÌ½ÐÄÀíÑ§µÄ¼ì²âË®Æ½¡£ÓÐµãºÃÐ¦£¬ÒòÎª²»°´×Ô¼ºÊµ¼Ê»Ø´ðÎÊÌâ£¬ÄÇ½á¹û¶Ô²âÊÔÕßÀ´ËµÓÖÓÐÊ²Ã´ÒâÒåÄØ£¿ÒªÃ´ÎÊ¾í½á¹ûÎÞÐ§£¬ÒªÃ´²âµÄ¸ù±¾²»ÊÇ±»ÊÔ×Ô¼º¡£ÎÒÃÇ¶ÔÖ»²Î¼ÓÕâÒ»½×¶ÎµÄ±»ÊÔµÄ»Ø±¨¾ÍÖ»ÓÐ½á¹û£¬¶ø½á¹û¶ÔËûÓÖÃ»ÓÐÒâÒå¡£ÄÇ¿ÉÊÇµÈÓÚÒ»ÎÞËù»ñÅ¶¡£ÁíÒ»¸ö½Ç¶È¿´À´£¬¶ÔÎÒÃÇµÄ¿ÎÌâÆäÊµÃ»Ê²Ã´ºÜ´óµÄËðÊ§£¬ÒòÎªÊÀ½çÉÏ»¹ÊÇÓÐÍ³¼ÆÕâ»ØÊÂ£¬ºÎ¿ö»¹ÓÐ±»ÊÔÉ¸Ñ¡³ÌÐòÄØ¡£µ±È»£¬Èç¹û´ó²¿·Ö±»ÊÔ¶¼ÊÇ±§×ÅÕâÑùÒ»ÖÖÐÄÌ¬£¬Í³¼ÆÊÇÃ»ÓÐÓÃµÄ¡£¶øÖ»ÄÜËµÊÇ£¬±»ÊÔºÍÖ÷ÊÔÖ®¼äÎ¥·´ÁË×î»ù±¾µÄÔ¼¶¨¡£»òÐíÏÂÒ»´Î£¬ÎÒÃÇÓ¦¸ÃÔÚÑÐ¾¿Ô¼¶¨ÀïÇ¿µ÷ÈçÊµ×÷´ð¡£ÀíÐÔÉÏËµ£¬ºÜ¸ßÐËÓÖÑ§µ½Ò»µã¶«Î÷£»Çé¸ÐÉÏËµ£¬¶Ô×ö·´À¡ÐÅÊäÊý¾Ý×öµÃÑÛ¶¼»¨µÄ½á¹ûÖ»ÊÇÀË·ÑÐÄ»úÓÐµãÆø·ß¡£½ñÌìÏÂÎçÏµÀï²©Ê¿Éú±¨¸æÑÐ¾¿ÒâÏò£¬ÑîÀÏÊ¦ËµÆäÊµÎÒÃÇ²»Ó¦¸ÃÓÃÎÊ¾í¶øÓ¦¸ÃÓÃÊµÑéÀ´×öÑÐ¾¿¡£ Anyway, ·´À¡·¢ÁËÒ»°ë£¬»¹ÊÇÊÕµ½ÁË±»ÊÔµÄ¸ÐÐ»ºÍÖ§³Ö£¬ÊÇ¼þºÜ¸ßÐËµÄÊÂ¡£ Good Luck~ Post by loseway01 @ 23:28 Joke

2004-04-11 23:29 Ä³ÀÏÊ¦½ÌÊÚ¿ÚÓï¿¼ÊÔÓ¦¶Ô¼¼ÇÉ¡£Ê¦£º¡°Èç¹ûÄãÌý²»¶®¿¼¹ÙÎÊÄãµÄÎÊÌâ¡£ÄÇÄã¾ÍËµ¡®Well, this is a good question. In my opinion, ...¡¯¡£¡±Ñ§ÉúÃú¼ÇÔÚÐÄ¡£ ´ÎÈÕ£¬¿¼ÉúÉÏ¿¼³¡¡£ÓÉÓÚÌ«½ôÕÅ£¬Ò»¾ä¶¼Ã»Ìý¶®¿¼¹ÙËµµÄ»°£¬Ö»ÖªµÀ¿¼¹ÙÌáÁËÒ»¸öÎÊÌâ£º¡°¡¤#£¤%¡ª*£¿¡±ÓÚÊÇ°´×òÈÕ¿¼ÊÔ½»ÊÚ·½·¨×÷´ð¡£µ«¿¼¹ÙÌýºóÉñÇé¹ÖÒì¡£ ¿¼¹ÙµÄÎÊÌâÊÇ£ºWhat's your name?(ÎÊ:Äã½ÐÊ²Ã´Ãû×Ö£¿´ð£º¶÷£¬ÕâÊÇ¸öºÃÎÊÌâ¡£ÎÒÈÏÎª¡¡) ÒÔÎªºÜÔ¶£¬ÔÀ´ºÜ½ü¡£×ªÑÛ¾ÍÒªÀë±ð£¬×îÊÇÊÜ²»ÁËÀë±ðµÄ¡ª¡ª¿ìÀÖµÄ¡¢ÉË¸ÐµÄ¡£»òÐí¾ÍÊÇÒ»¾äÓÐÔµËûÏç¼û¡£HWÀÏÊ¦ÁÙ×ßµÄÊ±ºò¸øÎÒÃÇ³ªÁËÕâÊ×¸è¡£ËäÈ»Ç°°ë²¿·Ö»ù±¾Ìý²»³öµ÷£¬µ«»¹ÊÇºÜ¸Ð¶¯µÄ¡£ super star

s.h.e(Å®ÅóÓÑ) - super star Ð¦¾Í¸èËÌÒ»ÖåÃ¼Í·¾ÍÐÄÍ´ ÎÒÃ»¿ÕÀí»áÎÒÖ»¸ÐÊÜÄãµÄ¸ÐÊÜ ÄãÒªÍùÄÄ×ß°ÑÎÒÁé»êÒ²´ø×ß ËüÎªÄã×ÅÁËÄ§Áô×ÅÓÐÊ²Ã´ÓÃ ÄãÊÇµçÄãÊÇ¹âÄãÊÇÎ¨Ò»µÄÉñ»° ÎÒÖ»°®Äã you are my super star ÄãÖ÷Ô×ÎÒ³ç°ÝÃ»ÓÐ¸üºÃµÄ°ì·¨ Ö»ÄÜ°®Äã you are my super star ÊÖ²»ÊÇÊÖÊÇÎÂÈáµÄÓîÖæ ÎÒÕâ¿ÅÐ¡ÐÇÇò¾ÍÔÚÄãÊÖÖÐ×ª¶¯ Çë¿´¼ûÎÒÈÃÎÒÓÐÃÎ¿ÉÒÔ×ö ÎÒÎªÄã·¢ÁË·èÄã±ØÐë½±ÀøÎÒ ÄãÊÇµçÄãÊÇ¹âÄãÊÇÎ¨Ò»µÄÉñ»° ÎÒÖ»°®Äã you are my super star ÄãÖ÷Ô×ÎÒ³ç°ÝÃ»ÓÐ¸üºÃµÄ°ì·¨ Ö»ÄÜ°®Äã you are my super star ÄãÊÇÒâÒåÊÇÌìÊÇµØÊÇÉñµÄÖ¼Òâ ³ýÁË°®ÄãÃ»ÓÐÕæÀí »ðÄãÊÇ»ðÊÇÎÒ·É¶êµÄ¾¡Í· Ã»Ïë¹ýÒªÌÓÍÑÎªÊ²Ã´ÎÒÒªÌÓÍÑ Ð»Ð»Äã¸øÎÒÒ»¶Î¿ìÀÖµÄÃÎÓÎ Èç¹ûÎÒÍüÁËÎÒÇë°ïÃ¦¼ÇµÃÎÒ Post by loseway01 @ 23:29 English

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Just do it. Ö»¹ÜÈ¥×ö¡££¨ÄÍ¿ËÔË¶¯Ð¬£© 12. Ask for more.¿ÊÍûÎÞÏÞ¡££¨°ÙÊÂÁ÷ÐÐÐ¬£© 13. The taste is great. Î¶µÀºÃ¼«ÁË¡££¨È¸³²¿§·È£© 14. Feel the new space.¸ÐÊÜÐÂ¾³½ç¡££¨ÈýÐÇµç×Ó£© 15. Intelligence everywhere.ÖÇ»ÛÑÝÒï£¬ÎÞ´¦²»ÔÚ¡££¨Ä¦ÍÐÂÞÀÊÖ»ú£© 16. The choice of a new generation.ÐÂÒ»´úµÄÑ¡Ôñ¡££¨°ÙÊÂ¿ÉÀÖ£© 17. We integrate, you communicate.ÎÒÃÇ¼¯´ó³É£¬Äú³¬Ô½×ÔÎÒ¡££¨ÈýÁâµç¹¤£© 18. Take TOSHIBA, take the world.ÓµÓÐ¶«Ö¥£¬ÓµÓÐÊÀ½ç¡££¨¶«Ö¥µç×Ó£© 19. Let's make things better.ÈÃÎÒÃÇ×öµÃ¸üºÃ¡££¨·ÉÀûÆÖµç×Ó£© 20. No business too small, no problem too big.Ã»ÓÐ²»×öµÄÐ¡ÉúÒâ£¬Ã»ÓÐ½â¾ö²»ÁËµÄ´óÎÊÌâ¡£ £¨IBM¹«Ë¾£© Post by loseway01 @ 23:30 ½øÕ¹

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2004-04-08 13:38 Summary of What good are positive emotions? In this article, I have argued that existing "emotion-general" models of emotion built on the concept of specific action tendencies provide a suitable description of the form and function of certain negative emotions but fail as descriptions of many positive emotions. For this and other reasons, positive emotions have to date remained undertheorized, understudied, and to my mind, underappreciated. To remedy this imbalance, I offer a new model for understanding the form and function of a subset of positive emotions, including joy, interest, contentment, and love. Specifically, I propose that these positive emotions broaden (rather than narrow) an individual's thought-action repertoire, with joy creating the urge to play, interest the urge to explore, contentment the urge to savor and integrate, and love a recurrent cycle of each of these urges. In turn, these broadened thought-action repertoires can have the often incidental effect of building an individual's personal resources, including physical resources, intellectual resources, and social resources. I call this the broaden-and-build model of positive emotions and suggest that it can explain why the propensity to experience positive emotions has evolved to be a ubiquitous feature of human nature and how, in contemporary society, positive emotions might be tapped to promote individual and collective well-being and health. My hope is that this new model might spark readers' interest and thereby prompt further empirical exploration of positive emotions and related affective phenomena. Post by loseway01 @ 13:38 ÖÐ´óÃûÈËÓëÖÐ´óÕÐÉú

2004-04-07 23:44 ×÷Òµ¡°¿ªÍØÖÐ´óÊ¡ÍâÉúÔ´¡±ÖÐ£¬ÎÒÃÇ¸ºÔðµÄÊÇÖÐ´óÖªÃûÐ£ÓÑÓ°ÏìÒòËØ²¿·Ö¡£ÆäÖÐÐèÒªÊÕ¼¯ÒÔÏÂÈý¸öÎÊÌâµÄ»Ø´ð¡£°ï°ïÃ¦»Ø´ðºÃÂð£¿Ð»Ð»À²£º£© 1¡¢¾ÝÄãËùÖª£¬ÖÐ´óÓÐÄÄÐ©±È½ÏÓÐÃûµÄÐ£ÓÑÄØ£¿ 2¡¢ÄãÊÇÔÚÀ´ÖÐ´óÖ®Ç°»¹ÊÇÖ®ºóÖªµÀËûÃÇµÄÄØ£¿ 3¡¢ÄãÈÏÎª¶ÔÖÐ´óÖªÃûÐ£ÓÑµÄÁË½â£¬ºÍÑ¡Ôñ±¨¿¼ÖÐ´óÓÐÃ»ÓÐÁªÏµ£¿»òÕßËµÖªµÀÕâÐ©ÖªÃûÐ£ÓÑ¶ÔÑ¡Ôñ±¨¿¼ÖÐ´óÓÐÃ»ÓÐÓ°ÏìÄØ£¿ Ð»Ð»À² ÊÕµ½µÄÐÅÏ¢ÖÐ·¢ÏÖ£¬¾ÓÈ»Ò²ÓÐºÃÐ©ÈËÌá97½ìÄ¾×ÓmÊ¦½ãÅ¶¡£ Post by loseway01 @ 23:44 ¸ã¹ÖÎèµ¸

2004-04-07 21:22 Post by loseway01 @ 21:22 Notes: Positive Emotion

2004-04-07 17:00 One reason why positive emotions may have garnered so little empirical attention is that, relative to negative emotions, positive emotions are few in number and rather diffuse (de Rivera, Possell, Verette & Weiner, 1989 ; Ellsworth & Smith, 1988b ). The positive emotions, by contrast, have not yielded distinguishable autonomic responses. In fact, with the exception of those positive emotions that evoke outright laughter (accompanied by sizable respiratory change), many positive emotions seem to be characterized by a relative lack of autonomic activation ( Levenson et al., 1990 ). when recalling past pleasant experiences, people's self-reports of subjective experience show considerable intercorrelations among various positive emotion terms , reflecting a greater degree of blending negative emotions pose a huge array of problems for individuals and for society, whereas positive emotions pose just a few. A third reason that positive emotions have been marginalized is that, for the most part, emotion theorists have taken their mission to be to explain emotions in general. In an earlier article with Levenson ( Fredrickson & Levenson, 1998 ), I noted that pairing specific emotions with specific action tendencies seems easy enough when working within the subset of negative emotions, but fitting the positive emotions into this purportedly emotion-general model raises problems. It appears that the specific action tendencies named for positive emotions are not nearly as specific as those named for negative emotions . To be sure, models based on specific action tendencies provide sound and compelling descriptions of the form and function of many negative emotions. (Sadness may be the prime exception, which is typically linked with a generic urge to withdraw from action.)¡ª¡ªÕâ¾ä²»ÊÇºÜÃ÷°× I believe emotion theorists and researchers need to question the predilection toward adopting a single general-purpose model of emotion. Why not, as Ekman (1994) has suggested, allow different theories for distinct emotions I propose discarding two key presumptions . The first is the presumption that emotions must necessarily yield specific action tendencies . The second presumption that I suggest should be discarded is that emotions must necessarily spark tendencies for physical action. Some positive emotions seem instead to spark changes primarily in cognitive activity, with changes in physical activity (if any) following from these cognitive changes. negative emotions function to narrow a person's momentary thought-action repertoire. I propose the alternative view that many positive emotions broaden a person's momentary thought-action repertoire. four different positive emotions: joy, interest, contentment, and love . I chose these emotions for two reasons. First, they appear to be maximally distinct from one another (with the exception of love; see below). Second, although the evidence is more anecdotal than empirical, they appear to be recognizable, if not equally frequent, across cultures . Feelings of joy arise in contexts appraised as safe and familiar ( Izard, 1977 ) and as requiring low effor t ( Ellsworth & Smith, 1988b ) and, in some cases, by events construed as accomplishments or progress towards one's goals ( Izard, 1977 ; Lazarus, 1991 ). Frijda (1986) offered the clearest statement on the action tendency associated with joy. To my mind, then, the urge to play represents a quite generic, nonspecific thought-action tendency. Joy and related positive emotions can thus be described as broadening an individual's thought-action repertoire. Not only do the positive emotions of joy, interest, contentment, and love share the feature of broadening an individual's momentary thought-action repertoire, but they also appear to share the feature of building the individual's personal resources, ranging from physical resources to intellectual resources to social resources. the broaden-and-build model of positive emotions More recently, Derryberry and Tucker (1994) have proposed that positive emotions, even high-arousal positive emotions such as elation and mania, lead to an opposite effect: an expansion of attentional focus . Laboratory studies offer preliminary support for the idea that normal ranges of positive affect in nonclinical samples are also associated with a broadened attentional scope. Whereas negative emotional traits such as anxiety and depression predict a local bias consistent with a narrowed attentional focus, positive emotional traits such as subjective well-being and optimism predict a global bias consistent with a broadened attentional focus people experiencing positive affect (a) offer more unusual cognitive associations, (b) create and use more inclusive cognitive categories, and (c) perform better on standard tests of creative thinking, Isen's program of research provides empirical support for the claim that positive emotions broaden the scope of cognition. Although the vast majority of this evidence is correlational, a few controlled experiments have tested the causal relationship between play and physical resource building. From this perspective, the early love relationship between infant and caregiver provides a foundation for interest-inspired exploration, which in turn can increase the child's cognitive or intellectual resources. Interest remains an important motivator for learning throughout childhood and continuing into adulthood. positive emotions build intellectual resources through enhanced learning and performance . Enduring social relationships are critical to both individual and collective survival, particularly for infants, who rely almost exclusively on parents to care for their basic needs. While this fact of life is almost too obvious to elaborate, the significance of positive emotions in creating and sustaining social relationships is worth underscoring. Avril Lavigne¡ª¡ª ¡¶Don't Tell me..¡· You held my hand and walked me home, I know. Why you gave me the kiss, you are something like this, you made me go, o o You wiped my tears got rid of all my fears, why did you have to go? Guess it wasn't enough to take up some of my love, cause its so hard to trust. Well did I, not tell you, That I''m not Like that girl The one who, gives it all away Did you think that I was gonna give up to you, this time? Did you think that it was something I was gonna do, and cry Dont try to tell me what to do Dont try to tell me what to say Your better off that way This guilt trip that you put me on, was, messed me up and done no wrong. Any thoughts of you and me have gone away. Dont tell me what to say, you're better off that way I'm better off alone anyway (is it right now?) ¡¶Daydream¡· la la la la yeah la la la la yeah i coulda been the one u noticed i coulda been all over you i coulda been like all the others is that what im supposed to do it woulda been really stupid if i woulda went home with you to give you everything you wanted it woulda been way to soon i try to be sensitive i try to be tough i try to walk away i try to be innocent i try to be rough but i just wanna play you're my daydream you know that i've been thinking about you..lately and everytime i look at you i cant explain how i feel inside i can't get away you're my daydream yeah and you know and you know and you know and you know you're making me insane and you know and you know and you know and you know you're doing it again...(repeats) Post by loseway01 @ 22:27 ÔË¶¯Ð¬Ö÷Ìâpbl²¿·Ö×ÊÁÏ

2004-04-03 23:29 ÎÒÃÇ×é¸ºÔðµÄ²¿·ÖÊÇÃ÷ÐÇ´úÑÔÈË¡£ http://www.people.com.cn/GB/shenghuo/78/115/20020131/659680.html http://www.emkt.com.cn/article/121/12161.html http://www.cnad.com/cnad_marketing/brands_way/brandway2002111307.htm http://www.sport.gov.cn/chanye/lundian/lun-1.htm Post by loseway01 @ 23:29 ÃÔã¯

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