海边的贝壳

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海边的贝壳 “我好像是在海上玩耍，时而发现了一个光滑的石子儿， 时而发现了一个美丽贝壳而为之高兴的孩子。 尽管如此，那真理的海洋还是神秘地展现在我们面前。” ――伊萨克・牛顿 <<<领域语言的学术会议与资料 | 首页 | 维基百科：互动的乌托邦？>>> 瓦尔登湖（十七） mountain @ 2003-11-08 By the words, necessary of life, I mean whatever, of all that man obtains by his own exertions, has been from the first, or from long use has become, so important to human life that few, if any, whether from savageness, or poverty, or philosophy, ever attempt to do without it. To many creatures there is in this sense but one necessary of life, Food. To the bison of the prairie it is a few inches of palatable grass, with water to drink; unless he seeks the Shelter of the forest or the mountain's shadow. None of the brute creation requires more than Food and Shelter. The necessaries of life for man in this climate may, accurately enough, be distributed under the several heads of Food, Shelter, Clothing, and Fuel; for not till we have secured these are we prepared to entertain the true problems of life with freedom and a prospect of success. Man has invented, not only houses, but clothes and cooked food; and possibly from the accidental discovery of the warmth of fire, and the consequent use of it, at first a luxury, arose the present necessity to sit by it. We observe cats and dogs acquiring the same second nature. By proper Shelter and Clothing we legitimately retain our own internal heat; but with an excess of these, or of Fuel, that is, with an external heat greater than our own internal, may not cookery properly be said to begin? Darwin, the naturalist, says of the inhabitants of Tierra del Fuego, that while his own party, who were well clothed and sitting close to a fire, were far from too warm, these naked savages, who were farther off, were observed, to his great surprise, "to be streaming with perspiration at undergoing such a roasting." So, we are told, the New Hollander goes naked with impunity, while the European shivers in his clothes. Is it impossible to combine the hardiness of these savages with the intellectualness of the civilized man? According to Liebig, man's body is a stove, and food the fuel which keeps up the internal combustion in the lungs. In cold weather we eat more, in warm less. The animal heat is the result of a slow combustion, and disease and death take place when this is too rapid; or for want of fuel, or from some defect in the draught, the fire goes out. Of course the vital heat is not to be confounded with fire; but so much for analogy. It appears, therefore, from the above list, that the expression, animal life, is nearly synonymous with the expression, animal heat; for while Food may be regarded as the Fuel which keeps up the fire within us ― and Fuel serves only to prepare that Food or to increase the warmth of our bodies by addition from without ― Shelter and Clothing also serve only to retain the heat thus generated and absorbed. 所谓生活必需品，在我的意思中，是指一切人用了自己的精力收获得来的那种物品：或是它开始就显得很重要，或是由于长久的习惯，因此对于人生具有了这样的重要性，即使有人尝试着不要它，其人数也是很少的，他们或者是由于野蛮，或是出于穷困，或者只是为了一种哲学的缘故，才这么做的。对于许多人，具有这样的意义的生活必需品只有一种，即食物。原野上的牛只需要几英寸长的可咀嚼的青草和一些冷水；除非加上了它们要寻求的森林或山荫的遮蔽。野兽的生存都只需要食物和荫蔽之处。但人类，在天时中，其生活之必需品可分为：食物、住宅、衣服和燃料；除非获有这些，我们是无法自由地面对真正的人生问题的，更无法展望成就了。人不仅发明了屋子，还发明了衣服，煮熟了食物；可能是偶然发现了火焰的热度，后来利用了它，起先它还是奢侈品哩，而到目前，烤火取暖也是必需品了。我们看到猫狗也同样地获得了这个第二天性。住得合适，穿得合适，就能合理地保持体内的热度，若住得和穿得太热的话，或烤火烤得太热时，外边的热度高于体内的热度，岂不是说在烘烤人肉了吗？自然科学家达尔文说起火地岛的居民，当他自己一伙人穿着衣服还烤火，尚且不觉得热，那时裸体的野蛮人站得很远，却使人看到了大为吃惊，他们“被火焰烘烤得竟然汗流浃背了”。同样，据说新荷兰人赤裸身体而泰然自若地跑来跑去，欧洲人穿了衣服还颤抖呢。这些野蛮人的坚强和文明人的睿智难道不能够相提并论吗？按照李比希的说法，人体是一只炉子，食物是保持肺部内燃的燃料。冷天我们吃得多，热天少。动物的体温是缓慢内燃的结果，而疾病和死亡则是在内燃得太旺盛的时候发生的；或者因为燃料没有了，或者因为通风装置出了毛病，火焰便会熄灭。自然，我们不能把生命的体温与火焰混为一谈，我们的譬喻就到此为止。所以，从上面的陈述来看，动物的生命这一个词语可以跟动物的体温作为同义语用：食物，被作为内燃的燃料，――煮熟食物的也是燃料，煮熟的食物自外吞入体内，也是为增加我们体内热量的，――此外，住所和衣服，也是为了保持这样地产生和吸收的热量的。 生词：exertion, bison, prairie, palatable, brute, legitimately, perspiration, roasting, impunity, combustion, draught. 注意： for not till we have secured these 中的 for not till 和 secure 的动词用法。 Is it impossible to combine... 中combine译为相提并论。 draft(draught)一词有好些意思，其中还有通风的意思 and Fuel serves ... by addition from without 一句觉得徐迟译错了。 没有理解清楚： 第一句："By the words,..., ever attempt to do without it." 没有理解。 引用(0) 评论 XML blogger del.icio.us furl.net Wikipedia 发表评论 最后更新 煎饼 探索Wiki Wiki资料：自由百科制造者 维基百科Wiki新写法―主题首页 发现了一个好站点 《锐思评论》关于中立观点是否适用于BBS的讨论 累坏了 国内比较早的几个Wiki 台湾的Wiki资料 Wiki资料：大家都来玩wiki <<<领域语言的学术会议与资料 | 首页 | 维基百科：互动的乌托邦？>>>